Background: Gemella genus bacteria can produce localized or generalized severe infections, but very rarely they have been described as causingpulmonary infections or pleural empyemas. Aim: To characterize patients with empyema caused by Gemella genus bacteria. Material and Methods: The database of a Microbiology laboratory of a Spanish hospital was reviewed, searchingfor Gemella positive cultures ofpleural effusions in a period offive years. Results: We identified 12 patients (11 males) with Gemella spp pleural empyema. Eight were infected with G. haemolysans and four with G. morbillorum. All patients had predisposingfactors such as poor oral hygiene, smoking, chronic cardiovascular or respiratory disease, alcoholism or malignancies. In ten cases, a thoracic drainage tube was placed with fibrinolysis in seven. One patient needed surgery because of a relapse of the empyema. Two patients died because of an advanced neoplasm, and the empyema was resolved in the rest. Conclusions: Gemella pleural empyema can occur and its isolation must not be seen as a contamination.

The objective of this article is to describe the evolution of reproductive work and to analyse those factors related to its distribution. The analysis has been based on data from various Time-use Surveys (Women Institute 1993, 1996, 2001) as well as on data from different regional surveys: Andalusia, the Basque Country, Madrid and the metropolitan area of Barcelona. In the period 1993-2001, the amount of time devoted by men to housekeeping in Spain increased by 35% while women's time declined by 5%. Yet, in 2001 women's dedication to housekeeping was twice that of men's (7.2 vs 3.1 h daily). However, the imbalance in sharing of housework declined among younger people. Union formation and growing family size increase women's housework intensifying the uneven distribution of household chores. When women are employed and have higher educational and income levels, dedication to household tasks decreases and gender inequalities are reduced. In spite of growing male participation in housework, reproductive work is still mainly women's responsibility. The recent legal, social and cultural changes have not been able to eradicate the traditional model of assigning reproductive work in the home.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir la evolución del trabajo reproductivo y analizar los factores relacionados con su reparto. Para ello, se han analizado los datos de las Encuestas sobre Usos del Tiempo (1993, 1996, 2001) del Instituto de la Mujer y las encuestas autonómicas de Andalucía, País Vasco, Madrid y la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona. En el período 1993-2001, en España los hombres aumentaron su dedicación al trabajo doméstico en un 35%, mientras que las mujeres la redujeron en casi un 5%. En 2001 la dedicación de las mujeres duplica la de los hombres (7,22 y 3,1 h diarias, respectivamente), aunque las diferencias son menores entre los más jóvenes. La formación del hogar y su aumento de tamaño incrementan las exigencias familiares a las mujeres, acentuándose las diferencias de género. No obstante, tener empleo y un mayor nivel de estudios o ingresos reduce la dedicación femenina y las diferencias de género. El trabajo reproductivo sigue siendo una responsabilidad eminentemente femenina, a pesar del aumento en la participación de los hombres. Los cambios legales, sociales y culturales de los últimos años no han conseguido eliminar el modelo tradicional de adscripción del trabajo reproductivo.

The objective of this article is to describe the evolution of reproductive work and to analyse those factors related to its distribution. The analysis has been based on data from various Time-use Surveys (Women Institute 1993, 1996, 2001) as well as on data from different regional surveys: Andalusia, the Basque Country, Madrid and the metropolitan area of Barcelona. In the period 1993-2001, the amount of time devoted by men to housekeeping in Spain increased by 35% while women's time declined by 5%. Yet, in 2001 women's dedication to housekeeping was twice that of men's (7.2 vs 3.1 h daily). However, the imbalance in sharing of housework declined among younger people. Union formation and growing family size increase women's housework intensifying the uneven distribution of household chores. When women are employed and have higher educational and income levels, dedication to household tasks decreases and gender inequalities are reduced. In spite of growing male participation in housework, reproductive work is still mainly women's responsibility. The recent legal, social and cultural changes have not been able to eradicate the traditional model of assigning reproductive work in the home.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir la evolución del trabajo reproductivo y analizar los factores relacionados con su reparto. Para ello, se han analizado los datos de las Encuestas sobre Usos del Tiempo (1993, 1996, 2001) del Instituto de la Mujer y las encuestas autonómicas de Andalucía, País Vasco, Madrid y la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona. En el período 1993-2001, en España los hombres aumentaron su dedicación al trabajo doméstico en un 35%, mientras que las mujeres la redujeron en casi un 5%. En 2001 la dedicación de las mujeres duplica la de los hombres (7,22 y 3,1 h diarias, respectivamente), aunque las diferencias son menores entre los más jóvenes. La formación del hogar y su aumento de tamaño incrementan las exigencias familiares a las mujeres, acentuándose las diferencias de género. No obstante, tener empleo y un mayor nivel de estudios o ingresos reduce la dedicación femenina y las diferencias de género. El trabajo reproductivo sigue siendo una responsabilidad eminentemente femenina, a pesar del aumento en la participación de los hombres. Los cambios legales, sociales y culturales de los últimos años no han conseguido eliminar el modelo tradicional de adscripción del trabajo reproductivo.